Georgia is a place of diverse drinking climates. In the Low Country around Savannah, Gullah Geechee and coastal cuisines converge. In Atlanta, metropolitan interests and the unavoidable giant of Coca Cola loom. In Macon, the powers of Southern culture dominate. In the terminating reaches of the Appalachian mountains the influence of mountain culture persists. It is a state where sweet tea and Coca Cola vie for prominence and moonshiners and tee-totalers vote in the same elections.
While businesses still make moonshine stills in northwestern Georgia, I only had the opportunity to visit the library along the coast. Combined with archival research in Charleston, a thorough picture of the history of drink in the Low Country emerges.
For starters, a library in Summerville, South Carolina, had The Boston Cooking-School Cook Book by Fannie Merritt Farmer from 1896. The text gives an excellent introduction to the beverage section that is worth presenting in full:
A beverage is any drink. Water is the beverage provided for man by Nature. Water is an essential to life. All beverages contain a large percentage of water, therefore their uses should be considered:–
Freshly boiled water should be used for making hot beverages; freshly drawn water for making cold beverages.
While most texts just present drinks as recipes and as an afterthought, this is a profound yet concise consideration of the definition of beverages. While the book is not from the region in question, it is relevant. The text goes on to give recipes for De John’s Tea (tea with cloves and sugar,) Wellesley Tea (iced tea infused with mint when hot,) and Sauterne Cup (a wine punch of soda, Sauterne wine, orange, lemon, Curacao, sugar, mint, and strawberry.)
More in line with the regional realities, there were regional recipes presented by Mrs. Hill’s Southern Practical Cookery and Receipt Book from 1872. Of intrigue are the Crab Apple Beer made from boiled crab apples, yeast cake, and sugar. It was ready to drink in two days. Cherry nectar also makes an appearance. This is a sort of pre-soda syrup made form cherries soaked in white wine for four days. Sugar is then added and the mixture is boiled for an hour and stored in a cool place. On a hot Georgian day, a bit of the cherry nectar is mixed with iced water for refreshment.
Georgians also apparently had some medicinal beliefs about their beverages. A 1909 text, The Savannah Cook Book: Compiled by the Ladies of Westminster Presbyterian Church, explains how to make something called “Wine Whey For the Sick” made by scalding a cup of milk, adding a cup of wine, cooking until it curdles, and then straining. Barley water, too, was considered a suitable cure for fevers. The recipe: “Wash two tablespoons pearl barley, scald with boiling water, boil five minutes, strain. Add two quarts cold water, simmer till redacted to one-half. Strain, add lemon juice to taste.” The 1863, Confederate Receipt Book: A Compilation of Over One Hundred Receipts, would add that the tea of the Horehound herb could cure chills.
Pine trees were also used for the decoction of herbal teas. The Clemson House Cook Book, by Russie H. Paget from 1955, explains that young pine tops and needles can be washed, boiled and strained. The infusion is good with sugar and cream.
In addition to crab apple beer, the Confederate Receipt Book describes something called “Apple Water.” This is somewhere between juice and syrup, although I have no evidence of a similar recipe. “Take one tart apple of ordinary size, well baked, let it be well mashed, pour on it one pint of boiling water, beat them well together, let it stand to cool, and strain if off for use. It may be sweetened with sugar if desired.
Punches were also a common theme across the historical cookbooks. Recipes for several tea punches were given in addition to wine punches, coffee punches, and almond punch. A 1904 recipe book out of Savannah, Favorite Recipes From Savannah Homes: A Collection of Well Tested and Practical Recipes Compiled by the Ladies of the Bishop Beckwith Society, also gives a recipe for Gaelic Punch courtesy of the local St. Andrew’s Society. The stock of the punch consists of water, sugar, lemon, and clove. It is served “piping hot, using equal parts of Scotch and stock.”
Another interesting punch comes from the islands. Sharon Kay Hunt’s “My Official” Carolinas’ Sea Islands Gullah Cookbook: Representing History and Foods of the Carolinas’ Sea Islands gives a recipe from Cat Sea Island for Sweet Potato punch consisting of baked and mashed sweet potatoes, sugar, water, cinnamon, and fruit juice.
Finally, a cocktail sort of concoction for something colorfully called Tewahiddle is given by Paget. It is beer, brandy, brown sugar, nutmeg, and lemon.
The evidence for complex alcoholic concoctions along the Low Country coast is impressive. South Carolina, where red rice is grown, apparently also was aware of how to make rice wine in 1904 according to on text. From crab apples to cherries, rice to sweet potatoes, many of the staples that the South has become known for were at some time or another incorporated into their beverages.
Oh, yeah. And muscadine grapes are also called bullaces.
Confederate Receipt Book: A Compilation of Over One Hundred Receipts. 1863. Adapted to the Times. Reprinted by University of Georgia Press, Athens, GA, 1960.
Farmer, Fannie Merritt. The Boston Cooking-School Cook Book. Little, Brown, and Company, 1896.
Hill, Annabella P. Mrs. Hill’s Southern Practical Cookery and Receipt Book. A facsimile of Mrs. Hill’s New Cook Book 1872 edition. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, SC, 1995.
Hunt, Sharon Kay. My Official Carolinas’ Sea Islands Gullah Cookbook: Representing History and Foods of the Carolinas’ Sea Islands.
Paget, Russie H. The Clemson House Cook Book. Jacobs Brothers, Clinton, S.C., 1955.
The Ladies of the Bishop Beckwith Society. Favorite Recipes From Savannah Homes: A Collection of Well Tested and Practical Recipes. The Morning News, 1904, Savannah, GA.
The Ladies of Westminster Presbyterian Church. The Savannah Cook Book. Morning News Print, Savannah, GA, 1909.
Ethiopia produces more honey than any other country in Africa. What do they do with it? They make honey wine, or tej. This drink has been consumed by Ethiopians for thousands of years. For most of its history, it was exclusively drunk by royalty. Today, tej is the national drink of Ethiopia.
Iliyaas Muhammad served in the Peace Corps in Mali where he learned about ginger beverages. When he returned to Philadelphia, he and his wife began selling the ginger infused drinks within their community. Now, Really Reel Ginger is a part of Philadelphia’s bustling Reading Terminal Market where they offer a healthy alternative to soda.
The common inky cap is normally an edible mushroom, except when consumed with alcohol. If someone ingests alcohol within several days of eating an inky cap, they will experience immediate alcohol poisoning. Chemicals in the mushroom prevent the body from digesting alcohol and create an immediate, prolonged hangover. Mixing mushroom and booze might not kill you, but it could ruin your day.
Prohibition resulted from the Christian Temperance Movement trying to force others to stop drinking. In more ancient times, the opposite happened. The Christian Emperor Theodosius the Great accused certain Christian fringe groups who abstained from wine of heresy. For their abstinence, they were threatened with execution.
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